What Command Should You Enter to See a List of All the Commands You Recently Used
ls command is one of the most oft used commands in Linux. I believe the ls control is the first command you may use when you become into the command prompt of Linux Box.
Nosotros use the ls command daily basis and oftentimes even though we may not aware and never utilize all the available ls command tricks.
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In this article, we'll be discussing the basics of ls control examples with all the bachelor parameters in Linux.
1. Listing Files and Directories in Linux
Running ls control with no option list files and directories in a blank format where nosotros won't exist able to view details like file types, size, modified date and time, permission and links, etc.
# ls 0001.pcap Desktop Downloads index.html install.log.syslog Pictures Templates anaconda-ks.cfg Documents fbcmd_update.php install.log Music Public Videos
ii. Long List of Files in Linux
Here, ls -l (-l is a character, not ane) shows file or directory, size, modified date and time, file or folder name and owner of the file, and its permission.
# ls -l total 176 -rw-r--r--. i root root 683 Aug nineteen 09:59 0001.pcap -rw-------. ane root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. ii root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents drwxr-xr-ten. 4 root root 4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. one root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:thirteen install.log.syslog drwxr-xr-x. ii root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. two root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos
3. View Subconscious Files in Linux
List all files including hidden files starting with '.'.
# ls -a . .bashrc Documents .gconfd install.log .nautilus .pulse-cookie .. .enshroud Downloads .gnome2 install.log .netstat.swp .recently-used.xbel 0001.pcap .config .elinks .gnome2_private .kde .opera .spice-vdagent anaconda-ks.cfg .cshrc .esd_auth .gtk-bookmarks .libreoffice Pictures .tcshrc .bash_history .dbus .fbcmd .gvfs .local .pki Templates .bash_logout Desktop fbcmd_update.php .ICEauthority .mozilla Public Videos .bash_profile .digrc .gconf index.html Music .pulse .wireshark
4. List Files with Human Readable Format
With a combination of -lh pick, shows sizes in a man-readable format.
# ls -lh total 176K -rw-r--r--. one root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap -rw-------. 1 root root i.6K Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxr-xr-10. 2 root root iv.0K Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root iv.0K Jul 31 02:48 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4.0K Aug 16 02:55 Downloads -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21K Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php -rw-r--r--. i root root 46K Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48K Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K Jul 31 02:xiii install.log.syslog drwxr-xr-ten. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root iv.0K Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. two root root iv.0K Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-ten. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Videos
five. Listing Files and Directories with '/' Character at the Finish
Using the -F pick with the ls command volition add the '/' character at the terminate of each directory.
# ls -F 0001.pcap Desktop/ Downloads/ index.html install.log.syslog Pictures/ Templates/ anaconda-ks.cfg Documents/ fbcmd_update.php install.log Music/ Public/ Videos/
6. Listing Files in Reverse Order in Linux
The post-obit command with the ls -r pick brandish files and directories in reverse club.
# ls -r Videos Public Music install.log fbcmd_update.php Documents anaconda-ks.cfg Templates Pictures install.log.syslog alphabetize.html Downloads Desktop 0001.pcap
7. Recursively listing Sub-Directories in Linux
ls -R option will list very long list directory trees. See an instance of the output of the control.
# ls -R total 1384 -rw-------. 1 root root 33408 Aug 8 17:25 anaconda.log -rw-------. 1 root root 30508 Aug viii 17:25 anaconda.program.log ./httpd: total 132 -rw-r--r-- ane root root 0 Aug 19 03:14 access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 61916 Aug 10 17:55 access_log-20120812 ./lighttpd: total 68 -rw-r--r-- one lighttpd lighttpd 7858 Aug 21 15:26 access.log -rw-r--r--. 1 lighttpd lighttpd 37531 Aug 17 eighteen:21 access.log-20120819 ./nginx: total 12 -rw-r--r--. ane root root 0 Aug 12 03:17 access.log -rw-r--r--. i root root 390 Aug 12 03:17 access.log-20120812.gz
viii. List Files and Directories in Contrary Society in Linux
A combination of -ltr will show the latest modification file or directory date as concluding.
# ls -ltr total 176 -rw-r--r--. ane root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog -rw-r--r--. i root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-------. one root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-ten. two root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. ii root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-ten. two root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents -rw-r--r--. ane root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug nineteen 09:59 0001.pcap
nine. Sort Files by File Size in Linux
With a combination of -lS displays file size in club, volition brandish big in size first.
# ls -lS total 176 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. i root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog drwxr-xr-x. ii root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents drwxr-xr-x. iv root root 4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads drwxr-xr-10. two root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-ten. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. ii root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. ii root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos -rw-------. 1 root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg -rw-r--r--. one root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap
ten. Display Inode number of File or Directory
We tin run across some numbers printed before the file/directory proper name. With -i options list file/directory with an inode number.
# ls -i 20112 0001.pcap 23610 Documents 23793 index.html 23611 Music 23597 Templates 23564 anaconda-ks.cfg 23595 Downloads 22 install.log 23612 Pictures 23613 Videos 23594 Desktop 23585 fbcmd_update.php 35 install.log.syslog 23601 Public
11. Shows Version of ls Command
Check the version of the ls control.
# ls --version ls (GNU coreutils) viii.four Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or afterwards <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
12. Show ls Command Help Page
The aid folio of ls command with their option.
# ls --help Usage: ls [Choice]... [FILE]...
13. List Directory Data in Linux
With ls -l control list files under directory /tmp. Wherein with -ld parameters displays information of /tmp directory.
# ls -l /tmp total 408 drwx------. ii narad narad 4096 Aug 2 02:00 CRX_75DAF8CB7768 -r--------. one root root 384683 Aug iv 12:28 htop-1.0.one.tar.gz drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Aug 4 11:20 keyring-6Mfjnk drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Aug 16 01:33 keyring-pioZJr drwx------. ii gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 xi:26 orbit-gdm drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Aug 19 08:41 pulse-gl6o4ZdxQVrX drwx------. ii narad narad 4096 Aug 4 08:sixteen pulse-UDH76ExwUVoU drwx------. two gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 xi:26 pulse-wJtcweUCtvhn -rw-------. 1 root root 300 Aug xvi 03:34 yum_save_tx-2012-08- 16-03-34LJTAa1.yumtx
# ls -ld /tmp/ drwxrwxrwt. 13 root root 4096 Aug 21 12:48 /tmp/
14. Display UID and GID of Files
To display UID and GID of files and directories. use selection -n with ls command.
# ls -north total 36 drwxr-xr-x. two 500 500 4096 Aug two 01:52 Downloads drwxr-xr-10. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Pictures -rw-rw-r--. 1 500 500 12 Aug 21 13:06 tmp.txt drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Videos
15. ls command and its Aliases
We accept made an alias for ls command, when nosotros execute ls control it'll have the -fifty selection by default and display a long listing every bit mentioned earlier.
# alias ls="ls -l"
Note: Nosotros can come across a number of aliases available in your system with the below alias command and the same tin be unalias as shown below example.
# allonym alias cp='cp -i' alias l.='ls -d .* --colour=auto' alias ll='ls -l --colour=auto' allonym ls='ls --color=auto' alias mv='mv -i' alias rm='rm -i' alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --evidence-dot --show-tilde'
To remove an allonym previously defined, but use the unalias command.
# unalias ls
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In our next article, we'll cover up more or advanced ls commands with their examples. Also, I suggest you go through some interview questions on the ls control, and also if we've missed anything in the listing, please update united states of america via the annotate department.
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